BASIC SYSTEM SHORTCUTS

    Alt + F              File menu options in current program

    Alt + E              Edit options in current program

    F1                     Universal help (for all programs)

    Ctrl + A             Select all text

    Ctrl + X             Cut selected item

    Shift + Del        Cut selected item

    Ctrl + C             Copy selected item

    Ctrl + Ins           Copy selected item

    Ctrl + V              Paste

    Shift + Ins         Paste

 

    Home                Go to beginning of current line

    Ctrl + Home      Go to beginning of document

  

    End                   Go to end of current line

    Ctrl + End         Go to end of document

    Shift + Home    Highlight from current position to beginning of

                             line

    Shift + End       Highlight from current position to end of line

    Ctrl + F                  Move one word to the left at a time

    Ctrl + G                 Move one word to the right at a time

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SWEET HEART

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ADOUT BE OS

BeOS

BeOS was originally developed by the company Be with the former Apple coworker Jean-Louis Gasseè for its own type of computer, the BeBox. It contains 2 power PC CPUs and was equipped with maximally with 256 Mbyte of RAM. BeOS is written from sratch and does not contain obsolete operating system design concepts. Designed as a single user operating system BeOS unfolds his optimal efficiency on multi-processor systems with several parallel running programs through it modern multi-thread based structure. BeOS basically does not run other applications that are not developed for this operating system. This operating system is only available in English, French and Japanese languages.

With the new version 5.0 BeOS is at the first time free of charge for private use and was named "Personal Edition". This version can be used exactly the same as the "Pro Edition" as single OS or started from any Windows partition. However the free variant is limited to a 512 MByte virtual partition in one image file for the operating system installation and further files. For network employment are a large amount of applications available.

Update: August 2001: By the assumption of Palm Inc. for 11 million dollar BeOS is not any longer commercially developed. The BeOS Community and some BeOS developers keeps the support for the future.

Update: March 2002: The BeOS Online website is a good start to download BeOS software or the BeOS 5.0 private edition which was downloaded world-wide by several sources about 1 million time. Based on the approved source code of the BeOS Personal Edition 5 the BeOS Developer edition 1.0 was developed, which contains current drivers and is further maintained by the BeOS Online team. In December 2002 the BeOS Developer Edition 1.1 was published.

OpenBeOS (OBOS) has been founded in 2001 as the official successor of BeOS as open source project. Since 2004, the operating system is continued under the name Haiku.

Another project is the commercial Zeta distribution from the company yellowTAB, later magnussoft. It is an evolved version of BeOS PE with source code from the OpenBeOS project. This operating system has not been continued since April 2007.

BlueEyedOS copies the features and the user interface from open source software. BeOS APIs were written again, so the BeOS programs remains to be executable. This operating system is based on the Linux Kernel and the XFree86 server for graphic functions. You can download on www.blueeyedos.com the demo version as an ISO image.

The Beos derivative eB-OS (Extender Beos Operating System) is based on the latest BeOS Personal Edition 5.0.3, current Haiku code, parts of BeOSMax 3.1, BeOS Developer edition 2.1 as well as drivers and applications from www.bebits.com. The last version is eB-OS 1.1 beta on bootable CD-ROM.

Field of Application

BeOS is designed for handling large amounts of data. Therefore it is suitable outstanding for Multimedia applications such as video and audio processing as well as Raytracing. By its structural short response time of 250 microseconds between individual Threads it is particularly suitable for time-critical tasks like the recording of videos in real time. The access to files takes under 10 milliseconds, depending on the used hardware. BeOS is capably to use Plug&Play devices, after the installation of new hardware the appropriate driver must be copied only in "/boot/home/config/" and the device is now useable. The object-oriented Design allows it to activate new drivers without complete restart. During the loading only the depending media modul is restarted in few seconds.

Area of application

support POSIX
CLI: bash Shell, GUI: Tracker
JFS support
Read/Write FAT16/32, Read ext2fs and NTFS/5, HFS, UDF(DVD) and ISO-9660(CD)
optimized for the web, integrated GNU compiler
OpenGL is supported
Microkernel
preemptive multitasking
Internal Client-Server architecture
Server: Services of the oeprating system
Clients: applications, which use the oepratign system services
protected memory areas
virtual memory
Object-oriented Design
Max. file size 18 millionen TByte
Pervasive multi-threading architecture (operating system is divided into small threads which profit optimally from several CPUs)

System Environment

x86 CPUs or PowerPC (up to release 5.03)
needs at least 32MByte RAM
64-Bit operating system
befs 64-Bit JFS file system, R/W HFS, VFAT, FAT
Symmetrical multi-processing (SMP)
Multi-processor support (up to 16 CPUs)
not designed as network server or multi-user support

Screenshots

 

BeOS 4.5	BeOS 4.5 boot process	5.0 - BeOS Copyright & system info	5.0 - multi-threading for optimized performance
5.0 - BeOS NetPostive Browser and eMail client	5.0 - fast file copy through a modern filesystem	5.0 - with the Tracker (top-right corner) you can open the program directory and system preferences	5.0 - harddrive manager with various options
BeOS 5.03- Copyright & Trademark	modern system structure without old relics garants high performance of

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About Mac

Mac System Software

Mac OS was named by the company Apple as "Mac System Software" in the beginning, a specially designed operating system only for 68K first Motorola processors. With own Macintosh hardware, Mac OS takes up a special role in the world of desktop systems. The first version was "System 1" and appeared bundled with the Mac in 1984. The classic desktop is designed as a single user operating system and almost completely hides the full path to files and directories. The graphic representation is reduced to the essence. Overall the interface is very easy to use and does not need the right mouse button for user interaction. Mac OS does not include a command line interface.

Starting with System 3.0, the used filesystem HFS was used officially, which does not different between uppercase and lowercase letters. System 5.0 was the first release to run several programs with the integrated MultiFinder at the same time. The operating system was programmed up to system 6.0 mostly in assembler and partially in Pascal and used a 24-bit addressing mode. Cooperative Multi-tasking could optionally be enabled in System 6. System 7.0 first supported 32-bit addressing. Thus allow the operating system can use more memory and more powerful programs. Since 1994 System 7.5 supported for the first time the PowerPC architecture and is optimized with the following Mac OS versions further on this architecture. With System software 7.6 the name was changed to Mac OS in January 1997.

The optimization of the operating system to the hardware has the disadvantage that the system software can not be installed on every Mac. Application compatibility to the Mac systems may also vary with each version.

2006 MacOS X was presented for the first time publicly on x86 hardware, Apple allows the use of Mac OS X only on specific intel-Macintosh systems. According to Steve Jobs Mac OS X have been developed since 2000 internally parallel for Intel and PowerPC processors. The version of Mac OS X 10.6.0 raised the optimization to Intel-based processors further, the new operating system is no longer available for PowerPC Macintosh or pure 32-bit intel processors. In return the user receives a pure 64-bit operating system optimized for performance on multiple processors. Even the GPU computing power itself can be used with specific applications.

The selection of software is focused on the creative industry and enables such as the professional graphic, audio and video editing. Office applications such as MacWrite, Microsoft Office, OpenOffice and 3D games are also available. The choice of browsers is large with iCab, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape, Opera and Mozilla Firefox. StuffIt is the standard software for file compression.

System 6 (Mac OS)

Mac system software 6 came onto the market in 1988. It requires 1 MB RAM and can address up to 8 MB. The file system can organize hard disks up to 2 GByte with 65,536 files. Optionally applications run with the multi Finder in cooperative multitasking. For word processing are programs such as WriteNow, MacWrite II, and Microsoft Word 4.0 available.

System 7 (Mac OS)

The system 7 was first available in May 1991. The new operating system needed 2 MB RAM, optionally it can be switched to 32-bit depending from the used hardware. Cooperative multitasking is now enabled by default, the addressable memory is no longer limited to 8 MB. In addition virtual memory can be enabled.

New is the direct support of networks with file exchange, AppleScript as scripting language and display of colors. Balloons provide help for the user to use the interface. With aliases are icon links to files possible, regardless of the storage location locally or from the network. The TrueType fonts are scalable to any size.

The System Software 7.5 appeared in 1994 and requires at least 4 MB RAM. It was running both on 68k-Macs and Power Macintosh. In September 1996, the update System 7.5.5 includes all available bug fixes, Open Transport 1.1.2, current Ethernet driver and support for storage drive volumes up to 4 GB. With release 7.6 the company Apple changed the name for the operating system from System Software to Mac OS in 1997. At the 31. January 1999 Apple gave the Mac system software 7.5.3 public as free download.

Mac OS 7.6 can be installed on every Mac compatible computer, which contains at least a 68030 processor and supports 32-bit addressing. The 24-bit addressing is no longer supported. Performance is improved in the area of virtual memory and memory management. QuickTime version 2.5 offers better image quality and benefits of multiple processors.

On systems with 68040 or PowerPC processors partitions can be used of up to 2 TByte, systems with 68030 processor remain limited to 4 GB. Check of the disk after a system crash requires now much less time.

Mac OS 8

Mac OS 8 by Apple appeared in July 1997. As minimum requirements are specified a 68040 or PowerPC processor, 32 MB RAM and 120 MB of free disk space. The CTRL key is used to display a specific context menu for different actions. Finder in version 8 is now multithreaded and does no longer breaks other applications during the copy of files. The starting time of the operating system and applications is been reduced. As standard the browser software Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 and Netscape Navigator 3.0 are included. Inside of a TCP/IP network can shared files and printers accessed.

With Mac OS 8.1 the filesystem HFS+ is included by default. Now informations are stored more efficiently on the file system and does less waste disk space in comparison of HFS. The limit of the partition size is depending on your hardware, the maximum size is now 2 TByte for all Quadra and PowerMac systems. The file system can handle up to 2 billion files with a current file size of up to 2 GB. PC Exchange 2.2 allows users the mount of DOS and Windows drives on your desktop. The supported file systems include FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, VFAT.

Mac OS 8.5 further optimized the stability and speed of the operating system, Sherlock is extended for full-text search in local files and Internet search wizard for the first time. Mac systems with 68k processors are no longer compatible with this version. The throughput in Ethernet networks has been increased, AppleScript is now up to 5 x faster than the previous version. The graphical display is accelerated by new QuickDraw routines. Copying files has become faster and increase the disk throughput. A tool for system maintaining detects and fixes errors on the file system automated. The "Apple System Profiler" creates comprehensive reports about the used hardware and software.

Following applications are included in current version: Finder 8.5 QuickTime Pro 3, Open Transport 2, Internet Explorer 4.01, Outlook Express 4.01, Netscape Navigator 4.0.5, Mac OS Runtime for Java 2.0 and File Exchange 3.

Mac OS 8.6 requires 250 MB free disk space and 24 MB RAM. A new kernel is included which improves performance and added support for the PowerPC G4 processor. The ability of multitasking and multiprocessing has been optimized further and enhanced with new features.
UDF 1.5.2 allows reading and storing data to DVD-RAM and read of DVD-ROM media.

Mac OS 9

The operating system Mac OS 9 has been developed under the name Sonata and released to the 23. October 1999. The installation requires 32 MB RAM with virtual memory and a PowerPC 601 processor or higher. For models with   G3 processor are at least 64 MB RAM recommended for optimal performance. The first G4 and iMac systems until summer 2000 are supported. The free disk storage should be 150 up to 400 MB depending on the installation type.

50 new features are added in comparison to the previous version. This includes support for multiple users with password and access management for files and settings. The login is available through authentication by voice. Files can be stored encrypted. The operating system can automatically update itself via the Internet. You can back up all personal passwords with a master password. The integrated search engine Sherlock 2 is extended with language and search templates. The first version "Carbon" API is available for new applications.

The following applications are included in current version: Finder 9.0, Mac OS Runtime for Java 2.1.4, Apple data security 2.0 and Open Transport 2.5.

Mac OS X

Different technologies like the Mach Kernel, NEXTSTEP and tools from NetBSD and FreeBSD found influence in Mac OS X to merge the previous Apple technology with UNIX features. The operating system core Darwin is open source and can be used also on x86 computers standalone. Mac OS X works with preemptive multi-tasking and includes beside the new GUI Aqua the classic GUI from Mac OS 9.

Mac OS X 10.0 came out in March 2001. To install are 128 MB RAM (256 MB RAM starting from Mac OS X 10.3.9) and 1.5 GB hard disk space (3.0 GByte starting from Mac OS X 10.2) provided. Mac OS X 10.5 requires at least 512 MB RAM and 9 GByte of free disk space.

- 32-bit or 64-bit processing
- SMP with up to 32 CPUs
- needs a PowerPC G3, G4 or G5
- POSIX compatible
- HFS+ file system

Field of Application


- supports QuickTime/VR
- monolithic Kernel
- Read/Write FAT, FAT32, ISO9660, UDF
- well proven TCP/IP Stack
- graphical user interaction with the finder
- graphical representation by Quickdraw
- central password administration (Keychain)

Considerable performance and comfort improvements were carried out in version Mac OS X 10.1. The surface reacts quicker at user interaction, the system start was accelerated and the OpenGL performance increased noticeable.

Mac OS X 10.3 has now a GUI in metallic scheme and the optimized Finder. The use and access in heterogeneous networks was further simplified. Files can be provided with etiquettes, the compression format ZIP is now directly supported. 12 million MacOS X user were counted in October 2004.

According to Apple Mac OS X 10.4 brings more than 200 new features. Features are the fast, system-wide and index-based search function named Spotlight, the Dashboard for easy access to small programms (Widgets), the Automator for the simplified composition of Applescripts for the automation of tasks. The Web browser Safari in version 2.0 now contained RSS support, the QuickTime software was updated to version 7 with support for the H.264 video codec. Further novelty is the delivery at a DVD medium, an installation of CD-ROM is no longer possible.

First since the 10th January 2006 is MacOS X 10.4.4 next to the PowerPC version available for Intel based Macs. On the 6. June 2005 Steve jobs announced at the WWDC the switch to Intel processors. As further details became known that Apple had developed Mac OS X since 2000 internally also for the Intel platform.

Apple released the successor MacOS X 10.5, Leopard at the 26.10.2007. With more than 300 innovations MacOS offers the user an enhanced user interface with virtual desktops, a fast file preview and Dock with 3D effect. The Finder was revised, the expansion "Boot Camp" for the installation of Windows on Intel-Macs is an official component now. As a file system ZFS is optionally available. For the surfing on the Internet the Apple Safari 3 Web browser is included. Backups can be made, managed and restored in a simple way with "Time Machine". Time Machine makes every hour the day automatically a file backup and every day a snapshot for the duration of a complete month. Lost files are recovered easily over the display of a dynamic time line of those snapshot. The security of the operating system and applications is improved by 11 enhancements. This are beside others the application-based firewall, signed applications, the use of ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) and Sandboxing for applications.
Open Group certified MacOS X 10.5 according to the standard UNIX 03 in November 2007. MacOS X is the first free BSD derivative with such certificate to bear the name UNIX officially. The certification guarantees the use of UNIX standard implementations to porting UNIX applications easily.
The first update with bug fixes was released with Mac OS X 10.5.1 by Apple on November 15th, 2007. It contains general bug fixes for the operating system to improve stability, better compatibility and safety. Mac OS X 10.5.2 cames with 125 bug fixes and smaller optimizations on January 24th, 2008.

Mac OS X 10.6 is a Mac computer with Intel Core 2 Duo processor with at least 1 GB memory and 5 GB free space ahead. This operating system no longer exists as PowerPC execution. Apple placed the focus development on performance and stability. It supports up to 16 TByte memory, it is optimized for multi core processors, and is a pure 64-bit operating system. With the technology OpenCL graphics processor can speed up in specific applications calculations.- digital photography
- 2-D and 3-D animations
- video processing, streaming
- audio processing
- platform for DTP, web design
- office applications

Structure Information

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ROBOTICS

Elfoid: creepy mini-robot meets smartphone

             The Elfoid P1 is a combination mobile phone and mini telepresence robot, designed to give a physical presence to callers

 

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           We can't say we weren't warned. Last August, Japan's Eager Co. Ltd. announced that it was planning to begin sales of the Telenoid R1 telepresence robot in October. The toddler-sized ghostly-looking robot is intended to be a physical stand-in for a remote user during internet communications, mirroring that person's movements via real-time face tracking software on their computer – their voice also comes out of the device. Well, Telenoid now has a little sibling. The Elfoid P1, as it's called, was unveiled at a press conference yesterday in Japan, and is intended to serve as a combination mobile phone and mini telepresence robot.

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         Both Telenoid and Elfoid were designed by Osaka University robotics expert Hiroshi Ishiguro, in collaboration with the Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR). Ishiguro has been in the headlines before, for creating very lifelike robotic doppelgangers of real people, including himself.
His two telepresence robots' "neutral" features are intended to allow them to represent any caller, regardless of age, gender, race ... or perhaps even planetary origin.

            Elfoid is essentially a pint-sized Telenoid, with a built-in 3G mobile phone. Given the limited amount of information available so far, it's not immediately clear how one would dial the thing, as it seems not to have any external controls. Ishiguro and company plan on adding microactuators to get the face and limbs moving, but the present version is immobile – a phone doll, really. Given that future versions could presumably be a writhing, wriggling, pocket-sized version of the person you're talking to, though, and the fact that their outer surface reportedly feels like skin ... well, let's just say the possibilities are disturbing.
This isn't the first time someone has thought of using a little robot/mobile phone to add a dimension of physicality to phone calls. Faculty and students at Vancouver's Simon Fraser University have already created Callo and Cally, two miniature phone-containing robots that dance, wave their arms, and display animated faces in response to the actions and instructions of callers.
But why, you may be asking, can't we just use video calling to get that human touch? It seems that many people feel awkward about being on camera while having a phone conversation with someone else. Knowing that the other person is currently seeing them as an animated sperm-like doll, however, is apparently not a problem.
There's no word yet on when or if Elfoid will be commercially available.
Photos courtesy Osaka University and Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International

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eye-controlled laptop at CeBIT

Tobii demonstrates eye-controlled laptop at CeBIT

Henrik Eskilsson, CEO of Tobii Technology, trying out the new notebook prototype
Image Gallery (6 images)

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500 Hz head free eye tracking Fast, flexible, remote eye tracker

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Eye-tracking and control technology manufacturer Tobii Technology has teamed up with Lenovo to produce a prototype notebook which the user can control with the blink of an eye. The integrated eye control technology allows the eyes to point at, select and scroll icons or objects on the screen, or can be used in conjunction with more familiar input methods to enhance the user experience or increase productivity. The company is currently demonstrating one of the 20 fully functional conceptual prototypes at CeBIT 2011, along with other eye-tracking examples from its portfolio.

View all  Eye-tracking and control technology developed by Sweden's Tobii is currently allowing users who don't have full use of their limbs to better interact with computers. Surgeons using monitors to get up close and personal with a patient on an operating table are offered a whole new dimension with eye-tracking technology. Gaming is another development area for the technology – imagine being able to control a character's movements with a handheld device but aim a weapon with your eyes, or handle the weaponry with a controller and use eye-tracking to look around the virtual world.

           The notebook prototype on show at CeBIT 2011 allows users to open an icon or widget by glancing at it, zoom in and out of images, can automatically center on the area being viewed, and switch between open windows or browse through emails and documents without touching an input device. The device also has advanced power-saving features like auto dim, which activates when the system detects that a user is not looking and brightens up the screen when it registers a user's eyes.
"More than anything else, the Tobii laptop prototype is proof that our eye tracking technology is mature enough to be used in standard computer interfaces," said Henrik Eskilsson, CEO of Tobii Technology. "To reach a state where the technology is part of the average computer, we need to make it smaller and cheaper. We believe that this can be realized in a couple of years by partnering with the right manufacturer."
The technology is currently on show at the Tobii booth at CeBIT 2011, along with other eye-tracking innovations such as a brand new 300 Hz eye tracker developed for research and analysis called the Tobii TX 300, the Tobii glasses, and the Tobii C15 with the CEye eye control unit.

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